NSDAP – Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei –
 ( Nazi) –  [ National Socialist German Workers’ Party ]

 The Third Reich (1933 – 1945)

The New Order

“Volk” – The Racial Soul

Racial Laws “Race Pollution”

• Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor  September 15, 1935  (“Blood Laws” or “Nuremberg Laws)

National Census (1933 & 1939) Reich Office of Statistics punchcards
Hollerith Machine –  Deutsche Hollerrith Machine Gesellschaft (Dehomag) 

Racial Hygiene

Human Betterment Foundation – USA

Eugenics

Compulsory Sterilization

Alberta Eugenics Board — compulsory sterilization of 2,832 Canadians (1929 -1972)  

Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (July 14, 1933) — taking effect January 1, 1934

Hereditary Health Courts

Alfred Hoche & Karl Binding, Authorization of the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life (1920)

Hitler’s Authorization for the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life, October 1939 (Formally September 1, 1939.)

Medical Murder

“The hypodermic belongs in the hand of the physician.”

Hippocratic Oath – “Do no harm.”

Killing Centers (Gas Chambers – Carbon Monoxide)

The Police State

SS Schutzstaffel

SS Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler

Total War (Totalkrieg) Racial War

Einsatzgruppen (einsatzkommandos)

Perpetration Induced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(Perpetration Induced PTSD)

Gas Vans

concentration camp vs annihilation camp
(extermination camps)

Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka

“Reinhard[t] Camps”

Aktion Reinhardt (Aktion Reinhard)

I.G. Farben Industrie

Auschwitz

‘Ramp Selection’

Therapia Magna Auschwitzciense

Medicalization of Genocide

Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews, (3 volumes)
New York:  Holmes & Meier, 1985.

“genocide”

Nuremberg Trials 1946-1949

United Nations Charter, San Francisco Conference,

April 1945

Laws of Warfare

Geneva Convention – Hague Convention Treatment of P.O.W,s Treatment of civilians Prohibited weapons and munitions causing “excessive” pain or suffering International Court of Justice War Crimes Tribunals Rules of warfare collateral damage to civilians

 “proportionality”

Trial of the Major War Criminals 
International Military Tribunal, (Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946)

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946 (Blue Series)   Trials of the War Criminals 
Nuremberg Military Tribunal (under Control Council Law No. 10)
(Nuremberg October 1946 – April 1949)
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950   (Green Series) Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Office of the United States Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946 (Red Series)

Explaining the Killers

Perpetration Induced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(Perpetration Induced PTSD)

“flashback syndrome”

education, indoctrination, propaganda, schooling war guilt war rage legality depravity sociopathy-psychopathy racism national security prerogative antisemitism Eugenic theory careerism bureaucratic imperative the division of killing labour

distancing from the “other”

Adolf Eichmann: “the banality of evil.
Hannah Arndt 

“I was only following orders.”
“I was only doing my job.”

John Dower  – War Without Mercy:  Race and Power in the Pacific War  — “war hates” induce “war crimes”

dehumanization of the ‘other’ 

US troops in Philippines, Pacific, Vietnam, Iraq

Theodor Adorno — “The Authoritarian Personality Type” — “F-scale”

John Steiner
genocidal “sleepers”

Ervin Staub  “Evil that arises out of ordinary thinking and is committed by ordinary people is the norm, not the exception.”

Zygmunt Bauman
“People slip into the roles that society provides them with.” Stanley Milgram Obedience to Authority Experiments Yale University 1961-1962 Philip Zimbardo ‘The Lucifer Effect’ Experiment Stanford University 1971  

Five major preconditions would probably be essential in producing a movement similar to National Socialism:  

1.      The existence of a hybrid society, half-feudal and half-industrial with long-standing militaristic and authoritarian traditions.

2.      The nationalization of the masses as an instrument of social control and international aggression.

3.      The respectability of biological-racial beliefs.

4.      The traumatic effect of extreme stress caused by military defeat and economic ruin.

5.      The convergence of sociopathic personalities and xenophobic movements.  

Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany:  A New History,  (New York:  Continuum, 1995.)   p. 19

Theodor Adorno — “The Authoritarian Personality Type” — “F-scale”

• rigid adherence to conventional values
• submissiveness to authority figures
• aggressiveness toward out groups
• opposition to introspection, reflection and creativity
• reoccupation with power and “toughness”
• destructiveness and cynicism

• projectivity – a disposition to believe that dangerous conspiratorial things go on in the world

• an exaggerated concern with sexuality
• Zygmunt Bauman very critical of Adorno, because the ‘f-scale’ suggested that “ordinary” people did not commit Nazi atrocities; that Adorno’s theory is like arguing:  “Nazism was cruel because Nazis were cruel; and Nazis were cruel because cruel people tended to become Nazis.” 

RECOMMENDED LINKS:

Military Legal Resources (Including Nuremberg Trial Transcripts)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/military-legal-resources-home.html

Doctor’s Trials and I.G. Farben Trial Downloads Link
http://www.profit-over-life.org/guide/index.html

Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, New York:  Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989.
availaible online:   http://www.mazal.org/Pressac/Pressac0011.htm

  [Definitive source on gas chambers.] Michael Tregenza, , The ‘Disappearance’ of SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Lorenz Hackenholt: A Report on the 1959-63 West German Police Search for Lorenz Hackenholt the Gas Chamber Expert of the Aktion Reinhard Extermination Camps, http://www.mazal.org/archive/documents/Tregenza/Tregenza01.htm, 

Document 4024-PS — Lists of Plunder From Aktion Reinhard victims
http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/arloot.htm

RECOMMENDED SOURCES/READINGS

MEDICAL KILLING /EUGENINCS/ RACIAL WAR McFarland-Icke, Bronwyn Rebekah, Nurses in Nazi Germany: Moral Choice in History, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Weindling, Paul Julian , Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials : From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Nicosia, Francis R. , Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practice, Legacies, New York: Berghahn Books, 2002. Annas, George J. , Michael A. Grodin, Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Aly, Götz; Chroust, Peter; and Pross, Christian., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene, Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1994. Astor, Gerald, The “Last” Nazi: The Life and Times of Dr. Joseph Mengele, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985. Burman, Paul W., The First German War Crimes Trial: Chief Judge Walter B. Beals’ Desk Notebook of the Doctors’ Trial Held in Nuernberg, Germany, December, 1945 to August, 1947, Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications, 1985. Baumslag, Naomi, Murderous medicine : Nazi doctors, human experimentation, and Typhus, Praeger Publishers, 2005. Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance: ‘Euthanasia’ in Germany 1900- 1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Frankfurter, Bernhard, (Ed), The Meeting: An Aushwitz Survivor Confronts and SS Physician, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Friedlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthenasia to The Final Solution, University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill and London, 1995. Glass, James M., Life Unworthy of Life: Racial Phobia and Mass Murder in Hitler’s Germany, Basic Books: New York, 1997. Hoedeman, Paul, Hitler or Hippocrates: Medical experiments and euthanasia in the Third Reich, Sussex: Book Guild, 1991. International Auschwitz Committee, Nazi Medicine: Doctors, Victims, and Medicine in Auschwitz, New York: Howard Fertig, 1986. Kater, Michael, Doctors Under Hitler, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Lifton, Jay, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, New York: Basic Books, 1986. McFarland-Icke, Bronwyn Rebekah, Nurses in Nazi Germany: Moral Choice in History, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Proctor, Robert N., Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988. Spitz, Vivien, Doctors From Hell : the horrific account of Nazi experiments on humans, Sentient Publications, 2005. Weyers, Wolfgang, The Death of Medicine in Nazi Germany: Dermatology and Dermatopathology Under the Swastika, Philadelphia: Ardor

Scrbendi, 1998.

NAZI GENOCIDAL KILLING – TOTAL WAR

Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews

, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985. ( 3 volumes )

Gotz Aly and Karl Neinz Roth,

The Nazi Census:  Identification and Control in The Third Reich, Philadelphia:  Temple University Press, 2004.

Saul Friedlander,

Nazi German and the Jews Volume 1:  The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939, New York:  Harper Collins, 1997

Marion A Kaplan,

Between Dignity and Despair:  Jewish Life in Nazi Germany, New York:  Oxford University Press, 1998

Isaiah Trunk, 

Judenrat:  The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, New York:  Stein and Day, 1972.

Christopher R. Browning, “Beyond ‘Intentionalism’ and ‘Functionalism’: A Reassessment of Nazi Jewish Policy from 1939 to 1941” in Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (eds),

Reevaluating the Third Reich, New York:  Holmes & Meirer, 1993.

Christopher R.  Browning,

The Origins of the Final Solution:  The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942,
(Lincoln/Jerusalem:  University of Nebraska Press / Yad Vashem, 2004.

Yaacov Lozowick,

Hitler’s Bureaucrats:  The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil,  New York/London:  Continuum, 2000.

Richard Rhodes,

Masters of Death:  The SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust, New York:  Knopf, 2002.

Ronald Headland, 

“The Eisatsgruppen:  The Question of Their Initial Operations”,  Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp 401-412, 1989.

Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski and Shmuel Spector (eds) 

The Einsatzgruppen Reports:  Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads, New York:  Holocaust Library, 1989.

Yehoshua Buchler,

“Kommandostab Reichsfuhrer-SS: Himmler’s Personal Murder Brigades in 1941″, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 11-25, 1986.

Yitzhak Arad,

Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka:  The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Bloomigton and Indianapolis:  Indiana University Press, 1987.

Richard Breitman,

The Architect of Genocide:  Himmler and the Final Solution, New York:  Knopf, 1991.

Shmuel Spector, “

Aktion 1005 — Effacing the Murder of Million, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 157-173, 1990.

Ernst Klee, 

‘Those Were the Days’: The Holocaust As Seen by the Perpetrators and Bystanders, London:  Hamish Hamilton, 1993.

Eugen Kogan, Hermann Langbein and Adelbert Rückerl ,

Nazi Mass Murder:  A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas, New Haven and London:  Yale University Press, 1993.French MacLean, The Camp Men:  The SS Officers Who Ran the Nazi Concentration Camp System, Atglen, PA:  Schiffer Military History, 1999.

French MacLean,

The Field Men:  The SS Officers Who Led the Einsatzkommandos – the Nazi Mobile Killing Units, Atgelen, PA:  Schiffer Military History, 1999. Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, New York:  Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989.
availaible online:   http://www.mazal.org/Pressac/Pressac0011.htm   [Definitive source on gas chambers.] Michael Tregenza, , The ‘Disappearance’ of SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Lorenz Hackenholt: A Report on the 1959-63 West German Police Search for Lorenz Hackenholt the Gas Chamber Expert of the Aktion Reinhard Extermination Camps, http://www.mazal.org/archive/documents/Tregenza/Tregenza01.htm

Document 4024-PS — Lists of Plunder From Aktion Reinhard victims
http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/arloot.htm

      REQUIREMENT

                             DESCRIPTION

        WORTH

       LENGTH

                DATE

 TERM TEST

 Essay questions

            30%

      60 minutes

            26 October

 ESSAY

 Take-home essay

            30%

  ca 2,000 words

           9 November

 FINAL EXAM

 Essay questions

            40%

     120 minutes

       15 December

IN THE WEEK OF

                         CLASS TOPIC

                              AUTHORS

      REMINDERS

        6 September

Course Introduction

      13 September

1. What and Whence is War?

Clausewitz, Luard, Einstein, Freud, Lorenz, Ardrey, Bakunin, Mead

      20 September

2. Sex, Gender and War

Moore/Gillette, Fukuyama, Creveld, Ashley, Stack-O’Connor, Tickner

     Essay questions

      27 September

3. Clash of Civilizations

Huntington, Barber, Ajami, Ross, Ali

        4 October

4. Pacifists and Warriors

Kant, Tolstoy, Gandhi, Nietzsche, Mussolini, Hitler

      11 October

5. Terrorists and Freedom Fighters I

G.W. Bush, White, Carr, Ross, Chomsky, Hoffman, Townshend

      Thanksgiving

      18 October

5. Terrorists and Freedom Fighters II

G.W. Bush, White, Carr, Ross, Chomsky, Hoffman, Townshend

    Term test review

      26 October

         TERM TEST ON 26 OCTOBER

Readings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and lectures

       TERM TEST

        1 November

6. Pax Americana

G. Bush, G.W. Bush, Kagan, Ignatieff, Blum, McNally

        8 November

7. Humanitarian Interventionism

Gow, Axworthy, Graham, Clark, Bain, Roszak

 Essay due 9 Nov

        9 November

8. Israel, Palestine and the United States

Eikmeier, Stoessinger, Friedman, Said, Mearsheimer/Walt, Evan

      15 November

9. Iraq Wars

Hussein, Kean, Rubin, Pitt/Ritter, Al-Azmeh, Chibber, Obama

      22 November

10. Yugoslav Wars

Ambrozic, New Republic, Brzezinski, Layne, Parenti, Bandow

        29 November

11. Afghanistan Wars

Roy, Kean, Obama, Laxer, Warnock, Preston

Final exam review

    15 DECEMBER

Readings 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and lectures

      FINAL EXAM

SPRING 2010

1866 RIDGEWAY:  
FENIAN TERROR AND THE BATTLE THAT MADE CANADA

P

eter Vronsky

On June 1, 1866, a force of one thousand Fenian raiders invaded Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo.  The Fenians were combat-hardened Irish American veterans recently demobilized from the Civil War, many still carrying their personal battlefield tested weapons.  Their objective was to seize and hold hostage Canadian territory in order to precipitate a military and political crisis in British rule over Ireland. 

The Canadian volunteers who were hastily called upon to fight the Fenian incursion were weekend soldiers–store clerks, farmers and college students, mostly boys, parade-ground drilled who had never seen combat nor had their homes invaded in a generation since the War of 1812.

The next day at Lime Ridge near the village of Ridgeway, the two sides collided.  

When the Battle of Ridgeway was over, nine volunteers had been killed including three students from the University of Toronto volunteer rifle company, while the Fenians celebrated the first Irish victory against the forces of the British Empire since the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745.

The Battle of Ridgeway, the last battle fought in Ontario, took place half-way between the fall of the US Confederacy in 1865 and the rise of the Confederation of Canada in 1867.  A forgotten period in Canadian history, often subsumed by the story of the confederation debates of the wise founding Fathers, the Fenian terror in Canada and its climax at Ridgeway loomed large in a crisis politics of nation-making at the time.   It gave birth to Canada’s first intelligence agencies, to its early military traditions and it tested its most cherished judicial limits and freedoms on the eve of its own founding as a nation.

In 1858 one of the earliest modern transnational terrorist organizations–the Irish Republican Brotherhood and its US-based counterpart–the Fenian Brotherhood, were founded.  Their objective was to expel by force British rule from Ireland.  Their call reached by telegraph, steamship and railway mail and through popular press and print an enormous Irish Diaspora scattered throughout the English speaking world.  Money, subscriptions, arms and volunteers were raised in hundreds of Irish communities. In the United States such activity was not illegal and was even encouraged by some US politicians trolling for the Irish vote. In Canada such activities were treasonous.         

As secret Fenian cells began be established in Canada and border tensions with the USA began to rise with the Civil War, the colony began to seek new ways to defend itself without Britain’s help.  In the provinces of Canada new security defense policy was adopted which included new provisions for border defense, militia troops, intelligence gathering and internal security and policing measures. 

At a time when British public opinion frowned on espionage of any kind, Attorney General and Minister of Militia for the province, John A. Macdonald, Canada’s future first Prime Minister,  had an array of colonial, provincial and municipal officials running networks of spies, informants and infiltrators on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Throughout the province men of military age were provisioned with infantry weapons and drilled to respond to sudden invasion–at first from the United States army, later from the Fenians.     

At the core of some of these new measures was a deeper fear of an internal danger.  There was a growing unease about the former ‘famine’ Irish Catholics and their children now massing into the factories of newly industrializing cities of Canada.  Might these disgruntled ‘dangerous classes’ join with the Fenian invaders and rise up in a St. Bartholomew’s Night massacre of the provinces’  Protestant establishment?

In the wake of Ridgeway, John A. Macdonald determined to stamp out any vestiges of further subversion, suspended Habeas Corpus and put Fenian prisoners captured at Ridgeway to state trials. This forgotten security crisis on the eve of Canada’s confederation–and the just as forgotten Battle of Ridgeway–are touchstones to a missing part of our national founding myth. 

Total War

• May 10, 1940

• bombing of Rotterdam

• Eben Emael Fortress

• hollow charge

• glider

   

• Battle of Gembloux

• Paul Reynaud

• British Expeditionary Force (BEF)

• The myth of the Belgian surrender

• Dunkirk

• Vichy France

• Marshall Petain

• Prime Minister Pierre Laval

• Giulio Douhet –

  Il dominio dell’aria

• Tactical Bomber

• Strategic Bomber

• Flying Fortress B-17

   

• Battle of Britain

• Schweinfurt Ball Bearing Works Bombing

• Operation Barbarossa  June 22, 1941

• General Mud

• General Winter

• Mussolini

• Afrika Korps

• Yugoslavia – Greece  April 1941

• Ustashi

• Croatia

• Ante Pavalic

• Pearl Harbor

• German Sixth Army

• Stalingrad  Nov 1942-January 1943

• Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus

• totalkrieg

• Sicily

• Italy

• Salo

• Operation Citadel (Battle of Kursk)  July 1943

• Mark V Panther

• June 6, 1944

• Battle of the Bulge December 1944

• July 20, 1944 Plot

• November 8, 1939 Attempt

RECOMMENDED READINGS and RESOURCES

John Mosier, The Blitzkrieg Myth, New York:  Perennial, 2003.

Peter Hoffmann, Hitler’s Personal Security:  Protecting the Fuhrer, 1921-1945, New York:  Da Capo Press,  2000.  (2nd Edition)

Joachim Fest, Plotting Hitler’s Death:  The History of the German Resistance

Paul Carrell, Hitler Moves East: 1941-1943 and Scorched Earth: The Russian-German War 1943-1944

Alexander Werth, Russia At War 1941-1945 Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion:  Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days:  The Siege of Leningrad

Vasili Ivanovich Chikov, The Battle for Stalingrad

Peter G. Tsouras, Fighting in Hell:  The German Ordeal On The Eastern Front

Ronald E. Powaski, Lightning War:  Blitzkrieg in the West

Samuel W. Mitcham, Hitler’s Field Marchals and Their Battles

Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army:  Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940

Alternative Sources on Pre-World War I History

• Derek McKay & H.M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648-1815

• F.R. Bridge & Roger Bullen, The Great Powers and the European State System:  1815-1914

U of T text bookstore at College and St. George is a good bet to find copies of these books.