카테고리 보관물: Uncategorized

Gadafi

Gadafi’s [Al-Gaddafi / ALGathafi / Qaddafi] speech to the United Nations General Assembly 23/9/2009

Provided and translated courtesy of The Jamahiriya News Agency “Jana”

http://www.jananews.ly/Index.aspx?Language=3

In the name of God.

Ladies and gentlemen, members of the General Assembly of the United Nations: I greet you on behalf of the African Union, and I pray that this will be a historic convention in the life of the world.

On behalf of the General Assembly of the United Nations, chaired by Libya, on behalf of the African Union,  and for you all .. I congratulate your son the president, “Obama,” because for the first time to attend our General Meeting as President of the United States, and commend him because he represents the host country.

[possibly missing 3rd paragraph – below is 2nd or 4th]

We do not flatter nor make diplomatic statements ..we are not scared nor can we compromise when it comes to the destiny of the world.
We now talk about the destiny of the world ..the destiny of the planet and the human race ..when it comes to these crucial issues there can be no flattering, procrastination or hypocrisy because that led to 65 wars after establishment of the United Nations.
The preamble says if force is used there should be a United Nation force.. a common force ..a UN war staff not just one country or two or three..the United Nations together should decide whether to use force to keep world peace. If aggression occurred against one country after 1945 when the organisation was set up, the UN will come to its defence and repel the aggression.

If Libya aggressed on France for example, the UN will repel the aggression because France is a sovereign country.

We are committed to defend the sovereignty of nations in a collective fashion, but that did not prevent the outbreak of 65 wars of aggression with the UN doing nothing to curb them, including eight major wars that claimed the lives of millions of people, perpetrated by a veto holding member of the Security Council.

The states that we thought would repel aggression protect peoples turned out to the ones that used aggressive force while enjoying the veto.

[5th Paragraph:]

There is nothing in this Charter that allow the United Nations to interfere in internal sovereignty of another country .
In other words , ruling system is internal affair , no one else has the right to interfere in it and it is the responsibility of the concerned society to have dictatorial, democratic, socialist , capitalist , reactionary or progressive system . It is an internal affair .
Once Rome has voted for Julius Caesar to be a dictator and the Senate gave him the authority to be dictator because they thought that dictatorship was useful to Rome then . This is an internal affair . Who can say to Rome , why did you that ?That is making of Caesar a dictator ruler

[possibly missing paragraphs 6-9 (no more is missing after this)]

The Security Council is merely an executive body of the resolutions of the UN General Assembly, and when the Security Council becomes a mere executive body, there would be no competition for the Council seats.
The Security Council should be represent all nations, and not by a nation, what is presented now to the General Assembly is a permanent for every space…every union: – A permanent seat in the Security Council for the 27 EU countries. – A permanent seat for the 53 AU countries. – A permanent seat for Latin America Union. – A permanent seat for ASEAN 10+2+3+4.

– The Russian federation already has a seat in the Security Council.

– The American Union, which is 50 states “United States of America” already has a permanent seat. – A permanent seat for SARC, if established. – We have the G.100, we’re thinking about it, perhaps the small nations “Forum for Small States” “FSS” could also have a permanent seat. And there are other nations out of the unions I have mentioned, a permanent seat could be given alternatively every six month or every year.

Perhaps Japan, Australia or New Zealand are not in a union, none of these countries has joined ASEAN, there are not in the Russian Federation, nor the African Union, not the European Union, nor the Latin American, nor the United States, a seat could be allocated.

This is what’s presented to you…to the General Assembly for voting. This is the decisive essential issue, presented to the General Assembly the master of the world…the world’s parliament…it is the world’s congress, no one opposes it and we will not recognize anyone outside the hall, we’re the United Nations.

Ali Traiki and Ban Ki-moon will make the administrative and legal drafts, form committees that will vote on this issue, the Security Council, from now on, will formed of unions.

This is justice and democracy and we’re finished with the Security Council which is occupied by certain nations…one possess atomic bomb, another possess economic power, other possess technology, and another possess technique…this is terrorism. We cannot live in a Security Council dominated by those with overwhelming powers…this is terrorism. This is if you want a world that lives in united and secure and peaceful, and if you want to us to live in terrorism, live in conflict…let us continue conflict until judgment day. All of these seats should have veto, or there should be no veto. The Security Council in form should either all the union seats have a veto or annul veto from the Security Council with its new form. This is the genuine Security Council.

In any case, the Security Council with its new form is presented for vote, it is an executive instrument for the General Assembly.

Sovereignty is for nations…for 190 nation that are present…this is how all nations should be equal in the Security Council, just as in the General Assembly.
We in the General Assembly have equal votes, we should also be equal in the adjacent room, the Security Council. But for a nation to have veto power…and another does not, a nation to have a permanent seat and another that does not, this is annulled as of now, we absolutely do not recognize this and we will not be subject to any resolution passed by the Security Council with its current form. Now, we’ve come…we’re colonized…we’re under trusteeship, now we have gained independence and united, we want to determine the world’s destiny in a democratic way that preserves peace and security for all peoples equally, small and powerful. Terrorism is not only the terrorism of Al-Qaeda, the status quo is terrorism. Recourse is only to the majority of votes in the General Assembly and not to any other side, and if the General Assembly votes this, it becomes in force, no one can oppose this or say he is above the General Assembly, and any who says he is above it can leave the United Nations. Democracy is neither for the powerful, nor the rich nor those who terrorize us. The last word is for all nations equally. As for now, the Security Council is a feudal security…a feudal policy for permanent members, it protects them and they use it against us, hence, it should not be called the Security Council rather the Terror Council. Brothers, you can in our political life when they want to use the Security Council against us they resort to it, and if they do not need to use it against us, they ignore it, and if they have interest in the charter to use it against us, they respect and sanctify it, they search for the 7th chapter to apply it against these nations, and if they want to carry out an act in violation of the charter they would ignore it as if it did not exist. It is unjust and terrorism that veto and permanent seat are for the powerful, we can neither take this nor can we live under it. Powerful nations have saturated interests in the world, and they use veto, they use the force of the UN to protect their interests…this is terrorizing the third world, the third world is now terrorized, they are living under terrorism. Since the Security Council was established in 1945 and until now it didn’t provide security for us, rather provided punishments and terror…it is only used against us, therefore, we are not obliged to obey Security Council resolutions as from the fortieth speech. 65 wars were waged since the establishment of the Security Council…against small nations, or fighting against each other, or an aggression by superpower against a small nation, the Security Council did not deter a violation of the charter. The General Assembly will vote on these historic solutions and afterwards we could either continue together or be divided in two: equal nations that have their own assembly and Security Council, and veto-wielding powers remain in their council of four, five or three, as they want, we’re not with them, they should apply veto against each other…this does not concern us, and remain permanently in these seats, this does not concern us, God is permanent. As of now, we cannot remain under the dominance of the veto-wielding powers, which they gave themselves. We did not give them this, we would be fools to give veto and permanent seats to a group of nations, and discredit other nations and consider them inferior and despicable, and say they do neither deserve permanent seats nor veto power. Why do we degrade nations?! We did not decide this, certain nations are sanctified and respected…these are the nations of the world…they are 190 nations. You realize that now there is disregard to Security Council resolutions after we were assured that it is only used against us and never used against superpowers. The Security Council could never be use against veto-wielding powers…there could never be a resolution against the superpowers. Hence, it’s created against us, and consequently, resolutions it passes are being laughed at and ignored, this has become a farce for the United Nations, now actions are being taken outside the UN: aggression, wars, invasion of sovereign nations, destroying their sovereignty and independence, committing war crimes, collective extermination and violation of the charter, and the Security Council is there…not interested in the Security Council.

The important thing is that every international group started to form a security council of its own to tackle its problems and issues , . Henceforth, the Security Council in its present form , attending this session gradually becomes isolated .
– African Union formed ” MAS ” which is African Peace and Security Council .
-European Union will form a security Council .
– ASEAN will do so to and so is Latin America .
Non-Alignment Movement ( 120 ) countries is considering this option .
This indicates that we have lost confidence in the current Security Council since it did not provide us with security and , in turn , we resorted to regional councils .There is no o0bligation on our part to obey the SC in its current form in which we are not partners in it . It is undemocratic construction . and oppressive dictatorship and no one can force us to stay in this council or obey its orders .

The United Nations has no standing or any value ..nor any affect in the life and the peace of the world . The International Court of Justice has its decisions implemented on small countries and on third world countries but not on the powerful. In front of me are the decisions of the court which other countries refused to implement.

The International Atomic Energy Agency is an important UN body but the major powers are not answerable to it.. it is merely made for us ..if it is international as you say it should inspect the atomic stock of the nuclear countries ..as of this speech.

Ali al Treiki in the General Assembly will question the Director of the agency and question al Braedei to see if they looking into the stockpiles of these countries.
If they say yes these countries are subject to inspection ..so we will be subject to inspection ..but if not we will slab the door shut in it s face. For your information , gentlemen, I called ” al-Baradie” during the Libyan nuclear bomb crisis – the ex- director before the current one , and I said to him Mr. ” al-Baradie ” Are the agreements on reducing weapons of mass destruction agreed upon by the nuclear powers , are under your supervision ? and did they really reduced abide by the reduction and are you aware of any violations regarding this matter ? His answer was ” Not at all ” . He told me that he cannot ask the big powers on this subject .
Therefore, you only came to us, get out .
This is not an international agency .. It is imposed only on us .
The Security Council is imposed on us , So is the international Court of Justice. This is not United Nations .
This is not fair .. this is not a security . this is unacceptable . Regarding Africa, ” Dr. Ali Triki ” whether they reformed the United Nations or not and even before voting on the historic proposals that I presented now before the General Assembly and it will be subjected to voting and Africa as of now needs a permanent seat in the SC with full authorities as a compensation for the past , even if the UN reform is not under consideration .
Africa is an isolated colonized and wronged , they regard it like animals , then after that they used for slavery trade , then it is considered like colonies under mandate.
This continent .. the African Union , deserves a permanent seat as compensation for the past exactly like China and this right is not related to UN reform .
This is on the table and has the priority, it is immediately referred to the GA and no one can sway that Africa .. The African Union does not deserve a permanent seat .
Any one has an argument let him give me an answer and discuss that with me . Who has an evidence to prove that the African continent does not deserve a permanent seat ?!.
No one can give an answer . It is proposed to the general assembly to vote for the compensation of the countries that were colonised in order that colonisation is not repeated and in order not to repeat the robbery of the wealth of nations and not to repeat the immigration of these countries to the nations that robbed their wealth.
Why do Africans to to Europe and why do Asians and Latin Americans go to Europe? It is because Europe colonised Africa, Asia and Latin America. It took the gold, silver, copper, diamonds, iron, uranium and all other valuable minerals as well as oil, vegetables, foods, livestock and human beings. We have a new African generation and a new Asian and Latin American generation. They are after this stolen wealth and they have the right and we are incapable of stopping them.

When I stop a thousand Africans going to Europe on the Libyan borders they say I am going after the stolen wealth. If you return it I will remain. Who will return it to them. There has to be a resolution to return this wealth to stop immigration. You have to return the stolen wealth.

Africa deserves compensation to the tune of 777 trillion that is seven hundred and seventy seven trillion as compensation for Africa from the coloniser countries and Africa will demand that. And if these trillions are not returned the Africans will keep going to where you have invested these trillions and they have the right to go after it. You return it to them and they will stop. There is no Libyan immigration to Italy which is the closest country to Libya. That is because Italy decided to compensate the Libyan people for colonisation and apologised and signed a treaty with Libya ratified by the Libyan and Italian people to turn the page of the past.
Italy acknowledged that colonisation is wrong, a failed programme and it will not return and Italy will not allow any aggression against Libya but sea, air or land from Italy or from any other place. Italy is compensating Libya for twenty years of colonisation. It is paying a quarter of a billion annually. It is building hospitals for those children whose limbs were dismembered through the mines planted by the Italians during the two world wars. Italy apologised and expressed regret for the colonisation. Italy has done the glorious thing. This is a historic action. It is a civilised action by Berluconi and has to be an example. The third world is claiming its right in compensation in order that the colonisation is never repeated and in order that any country in the third world contemplating colonising other countries that it will be asked to compensate. Then this state will say I will not colonise any state. In order that colonisation is not repeated it has to be held accountable, penalised and compensation must be paid.

The second point which I hope to face patiently is rather sensitive. There will be some sentences which I mentioned in brackets. Undoubtedly we the real Africans are happy and proud that one of Africa’s sons has become president of the USA. This is a historic event at the time when the black was not admitted to the cafe of the white, nor the restaurant of the white and was not allowed in the bus of the white. Now the American people have voted enthusiastically for Obama, the African-Kenyan black youth to become the US president. This is something great which we are proud of. We consider it the beginning of the change and he has raised the slogan for change.
However I consider Obama as a beacon in the darkness for about four or eight years but I am afraid things will come to the old habit because nobody guarantees anything after Obama. Nobody guarantees it, not the chairman nor Ban ki-Moon. We are satisfied at present and wish Obama to be permanently President of the USA.

We are not disputing the speech delivered by our son Obama before me. He is totally different from any American president. Americans in the past used to say we will send you cast bullets and the mother of all bombs. This seems to be the grandmother of all bombs. We will send you clusters of grapes, our summer rainfall, the desert storm, rolling thunder and we will send you the poisonous rose for Libya’s children in 1986. That was the logic when an American president spoke from this forum. That was the way they spoke and terrorised the world. They said we will send you all these things as was sent to Vietnam and as was sent to Iraq and as was sent to Egypt in 1956 and we will send you the poisonous rose ‘El Dorado’ which was sent by Reagan to the children of Libya in 1986. Imagine the president of the largest country which we are assured of and has a permanent seat in the Security Council and we expect it to protect our independence and defend us from aggression saying I decided to send the poisonous rose to the Libyan children and anyone who smells it dies.

What is the poisonous rose? It is the lazer bomb, airbourne by F111. That was the logic at the time. They used to say we will lead the world and we will take on anyone who differs with us, whether you like it or not.

The speech which was thankfully made by our son Obama is totally different from the past. He calls for abandoning nuclear weapons and this is something we applaud. He says America could not solve the problems of the world unilaterally and the world has to solve its problems. He said the present situation should not go on. We should not come to meet, speak and then go away and we agreed to that. He said that the United Nations was always a forum for disputes. We used to meet to attack each other. This is right and it has to end. We have to unite and agree on international institutions where we are all equal and happy.
He says democracy could not be imposed from abroad, whereas the former American President used to say we have to impose democracy on Iraq and on others. This is an internal affair. It is for the state to be democratic or not. Each state has its own culture and heritage. This is correct but this language was not there. Accordingly we have to be quite alert to this sensitive point. The world has to consider phrase ‘multi polar world’.

There shouldn’t be a multi polar world. There should be equal nations. No one agrees to a world of multi poles. Why shouldn’t we become equal nations without any poles? Are we required to have a patriach? Do we need idols? We don’t need a multi polar world. This means the poles will clash and we reject it. We want a world where all nations, large and small are equal without any pole.

The sensitive point is the seat of the UN. This headquarters. You have all come from overseas and beyond the oceans and from beyond the continents in order to get to this place. Why? Is this Al Quds? Is it the Vatican? Is it Mecca. You are all tired and sleepy and your timing has changed and you are physically exhausted. Some of you travelled for 20 hours. How can you deliver speeches and tackle the future of the world? You are all sleepy and it is clear you are all tired. Your countries are now asleep because it is midnight but you awake and you should have been in bed because this is your timing. Today I woke up at 4 New York time because in Libya this is 11am. And this very late in Libya. But I am awake from 4am. Why should we have such trouble? If this is the situation in 1945 then it shouldn’t go on at present. You have to think in a middle place that is more comfortable. This is the first point. The other good point is that the host country shoulders the cost of securing the United Nations headquarters and securing the permanent missions and securing scores of presidents who come to this place every year. This requires strict security and high costs and New York and America live in tension.
I want to alleviate this burden. You have to alleviate the burden from America and you thank America and you can say you want to help it and we want New York to be quiet and America to be quiet and not to shoulder any more responsibility for scores of presidents coming to this place. Suppose a presidential plane is bombed or a presidential car is bombed. Terrorists could do it. For your information this headquarters is targeted by Al Qaeda. Yes this headquarters is targeted and we wonder why it was not struck in 9/11. It could be involuntary. Probably the flights were aborted but the next target is this place and I don’t speak in a vacuum. We have scores of Al Qaeda members detained in our prisons and their confessions are highly worrying.

This makes America live nervously because this building may be attacked one day by a hijacked plane or a rocket and scores of presidents may die. We want to rid America of this worry. We could thank America and say we want to help you and confer the headquarters to another place that is not targted.

This headquarters is supposed to be transferred after 50 years to the other part of the globe. Fifty years in the western hemisphere is enough. The next 50 years should be in the other hemisphere and this could rotate every 50 years to the east, to the west and to the centre. The headquarters has been here for 64 years. That is 14 years more than the presumed term for the transfer of the seat.

Of course this not undermine America. In fact this is a service to America. It is a help for America and we thank America but the situation of 1945 should not be maintained. We do not accept that.

This is proposed for a vote in the general assembly. Only in the general assembly because article 23 of the agreement of 1947 says ‘the UN seat is to be transferred only by a resolution from the general assembly by a simple majority. This means if 51 percent agree then the seat is to be transferred.

We are not obliged to tolerate all this trouble, to come from India, the Philippines or Australia to here.

I am surprised that my brother President Ahmed took 14 hours to come by air from the Comoros. They told him you come and deliver a speech. How can he deliver a speech with such trouble. There are some restrictions which annoy some people arriving from abroad. America has the right to impose tough restrictions because it is targeted by Al Qaeda and the terrorists. It has the right and we do not dispute that. But we are not to shoulder these unnecessary formalities. It is not necessary to come to New York and these formalities are not necessary.
One president has complained to me. They told him that the assistant pilot of your plane could not come to America because there are some restrictions on him. He said how can we cross the ocean without an assistant pilot. The reply was you can cross the ocean without an assistant pilot. In the end his is not obliged to come.
Another pilot complained to me as he was told his military body guard is not allowed in America because his name is confused and there are objections and you can’t bring him here.
Another president also complained that his special doctor was not given a visa because there was some problem and he is banned from America. You see there are very tough measures here. And if there is a state with a problem with America then they will restrict its delegate and its delegation. Those delegates are told to limit their movements 50 steps in that direction or 500 meters in this direction. It is as if we are in Guantanamo. Is this a United Nations delegate or is he a prisoner in Guantanamo. All this is proposed for voting in the general assembly. Mr Al Treikik, the chairman, you have to conduct a vote on the transfer of the seat. If 51 percent say ‘yes’ then we will come the next day to vote on where to transfer the seat. This could be somewhere in the middle. We nominate Sirte or Vienna and the ballot will be held if the seat is to be in Sirte or Vienna. If you go to Sirte you can go 1,000kms in any direction and nobody stops you. You come with a plane full of passengers and you may even come without a visa as long as you are with the president you are allowed. The country is
safe and you can go in every direction. Libya has no animosity with anyone and it is not targeted. It is the same in Vienna. I don’t think there are restrictions like this. If voting results in transferring the seat to the eastern hemisphere the next vote be on whether it goes to New Delhi or to Beijing. This is the logical thing and no one can object to it.

Then we say God bless him, he who brought this proposal and God bless those who voted for it. Now we have got rid of the burden of 14 hours 20 minutes in the air in order to come to this place. No one could say that America would reduce its contribution. Why do we think badly of America. We shouldn’t. America is committed to its obligations towards this international organisation. It will not be cross and it will not be angry. On the contrary it will thank you for alleviating the burden.

This is fine because it found someone to reduce the burden. It will be happy and will get rid of the restrictions on delegations and the restrictions on the seat. Further more the seat is targeted. Then we will come to the issues to be investigated by the General Assembly under the chairman ship of Ali Al Treki. We hold ourselves accountable. We will hold the United Nations accountable. Either it is over and we begin a new United Nations from the security council to the general assembly. This meeting is extraordinary. Even ‘my son’ Obama said this before me. He said this meeting is extraordinary. It is historic.
Firstly the wars that occurred after the establishment of the United Nations. Why was that? Where was the security council? Where was the general assembly. Where was the charter and why did it take place. These should be investigated and rulings have to be issued with all the cleansing that took place. We will begin with the Korean war. Why did it happen? It claimed millions of victims. It was close of using an atomic bomb. The Korean War is still there. It is like a time bomb and a new Korean war could take place and nuclear weapons could be used. This is a serious issue. We have to try those who caused the war with all its losses and who is to pay the cost?Who is to be prosecuted. Then we come to the Suez canal war in 1956. It has to be investigated. The file has to opened and shut.
Why do we have states with a permanent seat in the Security Council with a veto and these states attack other states that are member states in the United Nations. Egypt is a sovereign country, its city, its army and its canal were destroyed. Thousands of Egyptians were killed just because it exercised its right to nationalise the Egyptian-Suez canal. Why did this take place when the United Nations was there and the charter was there. How can we be sure this will not be repeated again. The only way is to hold accountable those who caused these past wars.
This is a serious issue. We have to re-open the files of the Korean war and the Suez war in order to close these files. We then come to the Vietnam war. It claimed three million victims. The bombs dropped in 12 days in the Vietnam war were more than those used in four years during WW2. How can we keep silent about this? This was was a lot more catastrophic than WW2 and why did it take place even after we established the United Nations and said no more wars. The wars took place but we can’t keep silent. We are worried about the future of humanity. We want to end this worry. We have our sons and grandsons. We are discussing here in this world parliament. This is the destiny of the world. Then we come to the issue of Panama which his an independent state and a member in the United Nations. This country has been invaded and 4,000 people from Panama were killed. Its president was arrested and transported as a prisoner of war. He was prosecuted as a criminal and placed in prison in another country.
This case has to be submitted to the general assembly. Noriega has to be released. This file has to be opened. How could a senior member in the United Nations attack another smaller country in the United Nations. How could it arrest its president, kill 4,000 citizens and take the president as a criminal and jail him. No one accepts this. This might happen again. We should not keep silent. We have to investigate it as this could happen to anyone. Anyone might be liable to his. Any country could be liable to this, particularly when the aggression is made by a state that has a permanent seat in the Security Council and is supposed to guarantee security. Then we come to the war of Grenada. This island which is a member state of the United Nations was invaded with 7,000 soldiers and by 5,000 war ships and scores of fighter planes even though it is one of the smaller countries.
And this took place also after the establishment of the United Nations and the establishment of the Security Council. This state called Grenada was invaded and its president Morris Bishop was killed. How can we keep silent about this. Why do we ignore this tragedy. To issue a verdict on the United Nations whether it exists or not and whether the Security Council is useful or not and whether we are going the right way or the wrong way. Are we assured or not about our future? There have to be investigations. Then we will have investigations about the bombing of Somalia. Somalia is a member state of this assembly and of the United Nations and it was independent but it was bombed at the time of Farah Idid. Finally we have to investigate the results of the bombing. Why did it take place and why was it allowed? The Yugoslavia war is known. A peaceful country like Yugoslavia which built itself brick by brick after it had been destroyed by Hitler has been destroyed once again by the second Hitler. This is illegal. Federal Yugoslavia was a peaceful country. It was built by Tito the champion of peace brick after brick and then after the death of Tito it was fragmented into pieces for personal, imperialist interests. We others how can we feel peaceful if the peaceful country of Yugoslavia which did not pose any threat to anyone was invaded. The general assembly has to investigate this. It has to see who to prosecute in the ICJ.

Then the Iraqi war, the mother of all evils. This has to be investigated by the United Nations. The General Assembly chaired by Ali Al Treiki has to investigate the Iraq war.
The Iraq war has four highly serious issues.
Firstly the invasion of Iraq itself is a violation of the charter. It is unjustified. Iraq is an independent state and member of the general assembly. Why should it be invaded? Where was the charter?
From the beginning I told you the United Nations has to deter any aggression. When Iraq invaded Kuwait they immediately came to the charter and said the United Nations has to deter aggression and we all agreed. Iraq’s Arab sisterly states took part in the war beside foreign countries to deter Iraq’s aggression on Kuwait. We were all against this invasion. But the Arab countries fought Iraq with foreign countries under the charter.
But when aggression took place against Iraq where was the charter? Why didn’t we use it.
In the beginning the charter was sacred but then the charter was put into the dust bin and was ignored because they wanted to attack Iraq. Why didn’t the United Nations deter the aggression against Iraq?
Ali Al Treiki has to launch the investigations by the general assembly. You have to reveal to the world why Iraq was invaded.
Everything is obscure and we might face such a fate. We have to investigate why Iraq was invaded.

Secondly after the invasion of Iraq there is mass cleansing. We have to investigate mass cleansing in Iraq. More than a million and a half Iraqis were killed. You have to show us the International Criminal Court where we are to prosecute those who committed mass cleansing against the Iraqi people.
It is easy to say Omar Al Bashir has to go to the court. It was easy for Slobodan to go to the court. It was easy for Charles Taylor to go to the court and it was easy for Hussein Habri and Noreiga. But those who committed mass cleansing in Iraq. Shouldn’t they to to the International Court of Justice.
If this court was only to target us then we reject it and we don’t acknowledge it. Either it treats everybody equally or otherwise we don’t acknowledge it. Everyone large or small, has to be prosecuted in the International Court of Justice if he committed a crime.
We are not animals on a farm or on a ranch to be slaughtered when they like. We are nations that have the right to live in dignity to live freely and we are ready to fight and face death but we could not accept this situation and you may try us/

The third issue is the death sentence. How prisoners of war are being executed. The Iraqi president and his government, when they were captured, the states occupying Iraq declared they are prisoners of war and they would be prosecuted on such a basis. Then who executed the president? We know those who tried him, the judge in known but who executed him? He was put to death on the day of Eid Al Adha by masked men, Is this right? If this world is civilised and if they are prisoners of war in a civilised state and under international law why were they executed by a gang with masks. Who are those who carried out the death sentence? Do they have a legal authority? Do they have a legal mandate to execute a prisoner of war?

Do you know what the people say? Some people say it is the American president and the British president who were the masked gang which carried out the death sentence on the Iraqi president and his government. This accusation will stay until it is rebuffed. Why did they mask their faces. Why didn’t they show their ranks? Why did they conceal their identity? Were they ranking officers, soldiers, a judge or doctor? How can we execute a head of state which is a member state of the United Nations in this ambiguous manner. So far we don’t know who carried out the death sentence on the day of Eid. Those countries which occupied Iraq and arrested the Iraqi president and his government and tried them and executed them are those responsible. However the execution remains ambiguous and the United Nations has to answer for it.
Whenever there is a death sentence those who carry out the death sentence have to have a legal entity, legal powers and responsibility. Their ranks must be known and a doctor has to be present. There are a number of conditions, just to execute one ordinary person yet alone the president of a country which is a member state. This is the Iraq war.

The fourth issue in Iraq’s war is the prison of Abu Gharib which is quite shameful. I know that America could investigate this scandal. However the United Nations should not abandon this case.
The General Assembly of the United Nations has to investigate the case of Abu Gharib prison where the prisoners of war were very badly treated and they were ripped by dogs and men were raped. This is unprecedented. No one ever did that before – even the devil would not behave like that. Prisoners of war were raped in the prison of Abu Gharib in a country that is a member state of the United Nations. And the instigator is a country with a permanent seat in the Security Council. What is this Security Council? This is a humanitarian issue and no one can keep silent about it. It has to be investigated. There has to be solution and the world has to know.
Up to now my brothers, there are a quarter of a million Iraqi prisoners of war in the prison of Abu Gharib and you have seen how they were treated. We will not forget this and we will not abandon this issue. It has to be investigated.

Then the war in Afghanistan. It has to be investigated. Why are we antagonising the taleban? Why are we antagonising Afghanistan. Who are the taleban? If the taleban want to establish a religious state in Afghanistan let them do so. We have nothing to do with it. It is like the Vatican. Does the Vatican pose any threat to us? No it is a very peaceful, religious state.
If the Afghans want to establish an Islamic emirate let it be like the Vatican. Who said the taleban are the enemy and has to be struck by the armies? Is bin Laden an Afghan. Is he a taleban. Bin Laden is not from the taleban and is not from Afghanistan. The terrorists who struck New York? Are they Afghans? Are they from the taleban? No they are not Afghani and they are not from the taleban. So why was Iraq and Afghanistan targeted?

If I want to deceive my American and English friends I would not tell them this. But I would encourage them and tell them go on, send more troops to Afghanistan and send further troops until they drown in a blood bath because they will achieve no result in Afghanistan or in Iraq.
You have seen what happened in Iraq. That took place even though Iraq is a wide open desert. Then what do you think of Afghanistan with these mighty mountains. No one could defeat it till the hereafter. They are just hitting the rock. They will scratch it but they will not demolish it. Continue the war in Afghanistan in Iraq. But I want to save them. I want to say these hapless nations. America and the other countries that fight in Afghanistan and Iraq. We are saying you have to leave Afghanistan for the Afghanis. You have leave Iraq for the Iraqis. Leave them even if they fight each other. They are free to do so. The civil war took place even in the USA. Nobody interfered. The civil war also took place in Spain and in China and in many parts of the world and nobody interfered. If it is a civil war let it go on. Leave it for the Iraqis and for the Afghans to fight each other – they are free.

Who says that if the taleban rule Afghanistan they will become a threat? Do the taleban have any intercontinental missiles? The airliner that hit New York. Did it come from Afghanistan or Iraq. These airliners took off from Kennedy airport in New York. So why do we go and strike Afghanistan. They are not Afghans, not taleban, nor Iraqis. Why should we keep silent about these things. Those who keep silent regarding what is right is like a silent devil. We won’t be silent devils. It is our right because we are keen on world peace. We are keen on the destiny of the world. We do not want to undermine humanity in this manner.

Then after that Mr Ali Tereki, the general assembly has to launch investigations of the assassinations. You have to launch an investigation once again on the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. We want this recorded in our African history. How an African leader, an African liberator was assassinated. We want to establish who killed him and to record that for history so that our sons will learn history and they will known why Patrice Lumumba the hero of African-Congolese liberation was killed. Even after 50 years. And that act has to be denounced and those responsible have to be held accountable. This file has to be opened and we have to go back to the old documents.

Then we would like to know who killed the UN Secretary General Hamashold. Who bombed his aircraft in 1961, the same year in which Lumumba was killed. We want to know who bombed the plane of the UN Secretary General. We want to know who bombed it and who had an interest in that.

Then we come to Kennedy’s assassination in 1963. The UN General Assembly has to open the file of Kennedy’s assassination. We want to know why he was killed. He was killed by someone called Lee Harvey and someone called Jack Rubbi killed Lee Harvey, the assasin of Kennedy.
We want to know why this Jack Rubbi, the Israeli, killed the assassin of Kennedy. And Jack Rubbi himself, the killer of Kennedy’s killer also died in vague circumstances before his trial. We have to return to these files and we have to know.
What I know and what the world knows and what we studied in history is that Kennedy decided to inspect the Israeli Dimona reactor to see whether it has nuclear bombs. That is the reason he was got rid of. As long as the case in international in this manner and it concerns world peace and weapons of mass destruction we have to open investigations into the reason why Kennedy was killed.

You should also open the file of Martin Luther King. This vicar who was a black activist and human rights campaigner and his assassination was a conspiracy. This file has to opened to establish who killed him and prosecute him.
And further more who killed Khalil Al Wazir the Palestinian Abu Jihad. He was attacked in a sovereign country, a member of this assembly. That is Tunisia where he stayed in its captial. But there was an attack by four warships, two submarines and two helicopters. The independence of that state was not respected as is clear from the assassination of Khalil Al Wazir.
How could we keep silent about such matters. If we keep silent there could be submarines coming to our countries and we could see warships coming to our coasts and pick up anyone they like without being held accountable.
Then we have the death of Abu Ayad. He was killed in very ambiguous circumstances. Then we have operations such as Al Fardan Operation and the Youth Spring Operation where Kamal Nasser was killed and where Kamal Udwan and Abu Yousif Al Najar were killed. These three Palestinians were killed in Lebanon which is a sovereign state and member of the UN General Assembly. We have to establish who killed them. We have to prosecute them so that such havoc is not repeated.

You would like to know as well why Maurice Bishop the head of Grenada was killed. We have tackled how Grenada was attacked, with how many war ships and troops. We said they launched an attack on Grenada with 7,000 soldiers, 15 war ships and scores of fighter planes. The president of this member state of the general assembly Maurice Bishop was killed. We can’t keep silent about these crimes. Otherwise we will all become victims and sacrifices and every year it would be the turn of someone. We are not animals and we are not sacrifices. We are defending our existence, we are defending ourselves our sons and our grandsons. We are not afraid. We have the right to live. This globe is not only for the super powers. God created it for all of us. We should never live in humiliation

Then we have to open investigations into the evil massacres of Sabra and Shhatila which claimed 3,000 human victims. This village was under the protection of the occupying Israeli army. Then a massacre was carried out of Palestinian men, women and children. Most of them were Palestinians. How could we keep silent.
Lebanon is an independent state and a member of this assembly. The area of Sabra and Shatila was occupied and 3,000 were slaughtered. Then there is the massacre of Gaza in 2008. And for your information there were a thousand woman killed an injured. And 2,200 children. It means that there were 3,200 women and children only. Fifty educational centres belonging to the UN were demolished. Thirty non-governmental organisations were demolished including international relief organisations. Sixty clinics were demolished.. Forty doctors and nurses were killed while they were doing their humanitarian work. That was the outcome the Gaza massacre in December 2008.
The culprits are still living. They have to be prosecuted in the international criminal court. But if the International Criminal Court is only targeting the smaller states and Third World countries this is not right. Those culprits have to be tried in the court unless it was not international. Then we would not recognise it. If it is international everybody is subjected to it.
As long as the International Court of Justice is not respected and its rulings not implemented and as long as the International Atomic Energy Agency does not include all countries and the general assembly is doing nothing and the Security Council is monopolised then the United Nations is nothing. There is no United Nations.

Then we come to piracy. This phenomenon may spread to all the seas. It could become a threat like terrorism. Let us tackle Somali piracy. I am telling you the Somalis are not pirates. The pirates are ourselves because we exploited all the fishing grounds. We undermined their livelihood. We undermined their economies and their regional waters.
All the ships of the world, whether from Libya, India, Japan or America exploited Somali waters and we are the aggressors. After the Somali state collapsed we came to pick up the remnants. The Somalis had to defend their marine wealth which is their food and the food of their children. Then they transformed themselves into pirates to defend themselves. They are not pirates. They only defend their livelihood. And now you are handling it in the wrong way. You are saying let us send warships to strike the Somalis. No. warships should go to strike the pirates who undermined the Somali wealth and resources. You have to strike the foreign fishing boats.

Anyhow I held a meeting with the pirates. I told them I would make an agreement between them and the world. The world has to respect the Somali economy area up to 200 nautical miles according to the law of the seas. All the marine wealth in that area belongs to the Somalis. The world has to respect this economic area. This is first. Then second, all the countries should abstain from dumping hazardous waste in the Somali economic area of the Somali coast and in return the Somalis will abstain from attacking ships. We will draft this agreement and we will present it to the UN General Assembly. That is the solution. The solution is not more strikes against the Somalis.

What is worse is that their warships are preventing the Somalis from going into the sea for fishing. This is the wrong handling, this is the wrong approach. Our way of tackling terrorism is wrong.

Our handling of matters is actually wrong. If the vaccination for swine flu is produced and there could be more flus of God or flus of fish then the factories that belong to the intelligence operate and they sell at a high price. This is trade. They produce a virus and they spread it across the world so that capitalist companies gain money from selling vaccines. This is shameful. The vaccines are not to be sold. Medicines are not to be sold. You have to read the Green Book. It does not allow the selling of medicines. If we say the medicines are free and the vaccines are free and no viruses are spread because it is they who produce these viruses in order to produce vaccines. That is how capitalist companies work. This is the wrong approach. You have to declare that medicines are free and not for sale.
Even if the viruses are real we should not sell the vaccines. They have to be offered for free.

All these matters are submitted in files to be discussed by the UN General Assembly. It has nothing to do but this work.
Then we have the Ottowa agreement which bans the production, the shipment or sale of mines etc
This is wrong. The mines are not offensive weapons. They are defensive. The mines do not move. They do not attack. It remains wherever it is planted. That means you went to it. Why did you go to it? I would like to plant mines on the borders of my country because you are aggressing my country. Let your hand or leg be amputated. I urge you to review this Ottowa agreement. This appeal could be seen in the internet, in the website Al Qadhafi talks. This agreement has to be revoked or amended.
They want to deprive us even from the mines which are anti personnel. If I want to plant a mine in front of my home or farm then this is my way of defense. It is not offensive. You may cancel the atomic weapons the missiles and inter-continental missiles.

As for the Palestinian cause the two-state solution is impossible. I urge you not to speak about it. The only solution is one democratic state for Jews and for Muslims for Palestinians and Christians and all others – like Lebanon. The two state-solution is not practical and impossible. There can be no two neighbouring states which are to much overlapping. Any division will inevitably fail. Firstly the two states are not neighbours but are overlapping from all aspects, population, geography and so forth. There are no states. You can’t establish a dividing no man’s land between them because it doesn’t exist.

The West Bank has half a million Israeli settlers. The so-called Israel has a million Palestinian settlers. How can we establish two states. The world has to go to impose one democratic state without any religious, nationalist or linguistic bigotry. Bigotry is reactionary and it is time is well over. These are thoughts of the guard. The ideas of the Third World War. The ideas of men like Yasser Arafat and Sharon. All these are over. The new generation wants one democratic state. We have to exert every effort to impose on them one state where all people co-exist.

Look at the Palestinian youth. Look at Israeli youth. They want peace. They want to live in one state. This is the way to end this headache which undermines and poisons the whole world. The White Book has the solution for Israel. You have to consider it, Ali Al Treiki.

The Arabs have no animosity with the Israelis. They are cousins and they live with them in peace. The Palestinian refugees must return and they have to live peacefully in one state. It is you who make the holocaust for them. You burned them down in the chambers of gas in Europe. It is you who hate the Jews but we don’t.
We have accommodated them, we protected them since Roman days and since they were expelled from Andulsia. We also protected them in the days of Hitler and from the gas chambers of Hitler. It is ourselves who protected them and it is you who expelled them. You expelled them and told them go and fight the Arabs.
Let us expose this reality. We are not enemies of the Jews. They are our cousins. The Jews will need the Arabs one day but the Arabs will not protect them as they did in the past. Let us have a look at what Tito did. What Hadrin did. What Edward 1 did and what Hitler did to the Jews. You hate them and you are anti-Semitic.

As for the issue of Kashmir in short in has no solution unless it becomes one independent state to buffer between India and Pakistan. It will become neither Indian nor Pakistani and the conflict will be over. As for Darfur I hope that the aid you sent to international aid organisations are transferred to other projects, development, industrial and agricultural. Darfur is now living in peace and there is no war. It is you who blew it up so as to interfere and establish a foothold for the sake of oil and you sacrificed the people of Darfur.

Why do I tackle all these issues? It is because we have to investigate these issues. Previously you have submitted the case of Al Hariri, God have mercy on him, to the United Nations. Why did you do so? Is it because you wanted to sacrifice the blood of Al Hariri and you sold the body of Al Hariri in order to settle scores with Syria. If it not so why did Lebanon, which is an independent state with a judiciary laws and police and everything and could determine who the culprits are. But in this matter it is not the culprits who are wanted. What is wanted is the settlement of scores with Syria and sacrificing the issue of Al Hariri and we will get nowhere in the issue of Al Hariri.
Therefore all the cases of Abu, Khalil Al Wazir, Kennedy, Lumumba, Hammershold should be transferred to the United Nations as the others were.

At any rate the UN General Assembly is chaired by Libya and this is its right. The work that could be done by Libya is to help the world in moving from one phase to another, from this world which is lost, bitter, shameful, terrorised and threatened to move to a more human world where there is peace and tolerance.
I will follow up this work with the General Assembly and with Ali Al Teriki and with the UN Secretary General because we will not be complacent and we will not be submissive regarding the fate of humanity.
Humanity has to struggle in order to live in peace. The struggle by the Third World and the smaller states, 100 of them in order to live in dignity and in freedom is a continued struggle and it has to continue till the end. Peace and blessings.

Sec 1 Essay Marks

SOC602 SECTION 1
UNOFFICIAL ESSAY MARKS POSTED BY THE LAST 4 DIGITS OF YOUR STUDENT NUMBER ONLY FOR ESSAYS SUBMITTED ON TIME, IN LECTURE, AND IDENTIFIED BY SECTION NUMBER

(Marks for all other essays will be posted after your final mark becomes available on RAMSS )

968 B-
67 C+
252  
470 B
476 B
594  
679 A-
729  
831  
881  
1069  
1213 A-
1223 A-
1313  
1401 A
1688 D+
2010 A-
2278 B-
2426  
2830 B
2846  
2857 A-
3119 B-
3438 B
3581 B
3796 A-
3910 B+
3941 B
4993  
5325 B-
5352  
5445  
5553  
5580  
5654 B-
5704 A
5715 B+
5780 C+
5859  
6054 C+
6063 B
6064 C-
6220  
6349  
6374 B-
6464 C-
6495 C-
6708 B-
6783 D+
6877 C
6950  
7022  
7062  
7336  
7371 A-
7614  
7742 B+
7742  
7788 A
7880  
8295  
8321 C
8886 B-
8975 D+
9278 B-
9413  
9731  
9874 B-
9988  

Ryerson University – Department

Ryerson University – Department of Sociology

SOC 802 (Fall 2010)

Issues in War and Peace

  Dr. Slobodan Drakulic

Essay Instructions:

1. Write an essay on ONE of these sets of propositions, making sure to present, compare, and critically assess divergent arguments they list, in terms of their theoretical/logical and historical/empirical plausibility, as well as to show empathy for the viewpoint you disagree with. Use at least four excerpts from the reader; with at least two authors on each side; and from at least two sets (or chapters) of the reader plus at least one academic source other than the reader.

2. The essay is due in class,  November 9 [Sec 1] and November 10 [Sec2] 2010.

3. See technical essay requirements in the course outline.

 Essay Topics:

Please read carefully:

1. The occupation of Iraq is guided by rampant antagonism towards Islam in the West; by the American policies towards the Middle East; by both of those; or by something else.

2. The presence of women in governments and armed forces promotes gender equality and international peace; it does one of those but not both; or does neither, but has to do with something else.

3. Wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel/Palestine and former Yugoslav republics support the ‘clash of civilizations’ theory; ‘conflict formations’ theory; or some other theory or theories.

4. Wars are avoidable and perpetual peace achievable; wars are not avoidable and peace is impermanent; wars cannot and/or should not be avoided because they invigorate human spirits, while peace leads to decadence.

5. There are profound differences between the soldiers, freedom fighters and terrorists; there are no profound differences between them; the whole issue is a mater of the observers’ viewpoint, or interests.

6. Pax Americana benefits most nations because it promotes more freedom, equality and democracy than its opponents; Pax Americana is detrimental for most nations because it causes wars and/or promotes capitalism.

7. Humanitarian interventions, such as in Afghanistan, Iraq or the former Yugoslav republics are justified because they end human suffering; they are not justified as they support one side in a conflict and cause human suffering.

8. Pro-Israeli arguments are more convincing than their critics; pro-Palestinian arguments are more convincing than their critics; both arguments are convincing; neither argument is convincing.

9. Arguments favouring one or both wars against Iraq are more convincing than their critics; arguments against one or both wars are more convincing; some of those arguments are more or less – or contrariwise.

10. Arguments for Western military intervention/s in Yugoslavia are more convincing than their critics; arguments against those interventions are more convincing; both arguments are convincing; neither argument is convincing.

11. The NATO occupation of Afghanistan is not justified and it will ultimately fail; this occupation is justified but will nonetheless likely fail; it may not be justified but it might nevertheless succeed.

Lecture 7

Pax Romana

Pax Britannica

 Westphalian State System

Treaty of Westphalia 1648
(Peace if Westphalia pax Westphalianna)

Dynastic Wars

Slave Wars

Corporate slave trading

tenants and slaves

feudal system

Magna Carta

Royal African Company (RAC)
1660

South Seas Company 1711

Slave Constitutions

Free Labour Constitutions

American Civil War 1861-1865
620,000 killed – 2% of US population

Clash of southern traditional agrarian slave state civilization with Northern industrial free labour ideal civilization

Enlightenment on slavery

habeas corpus and slavery in England see:  Jonathan Strong Case (1767}

Regulation of warfare in favour of diplomacy over force

Geneva Convention
Hague Convention

Vienna Congress 1815 The “Congressional State System”

1815-1914

United States Foreign Policy Mexican-American War Spanish-American War Admiral Perry ‘Black Ships’

Japan China

Russian Revolution Feb 1917
Red  “Revolution” October1917 (Nov)

Paris Peace Conference 1919
“Treaty of Versailles”

Woodrow Wilson [Fear of Communism/Sedition Act

Fourteen Points

Self-determination

American ‘isolationism’
(‘non-entanglement’)

President Calvin Coolidge:  “The business of America is business…”

Great Depression
October 1929

Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(President 1932-1945)

The New Deal

Fascism – National Socialism

Lecture 4-5

LECTURES

Week 4 Oct     4 – 6 – Lecture:  CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS:  THE HUNTINGTON HYPOTHESIS
Week 5 Oct 12 – 13 – Lecture:  PACIFISTS AND WARRIORS:  FROM KANT TO HITLER

Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3, (Summer 1993.) pp. 22-49

[can be downloaded in its entirety by logging into the journal database JSTOR on the Ryerson Library Website JSTOR sign-in can be found here:

Ryerson Library Journal Databases

    How to search journal articles on Ryerson Library Website How to find a journal article

In his 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Samuel P. Huntington argues that in the future civilizations rather than nation-states and ideologies might be  primary combatants in global warfare.  Some compare his article to the July 1947 Foreign Affairs article by X (George Kennan) “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” which defined the Cold War from 1947 to 1991. 

Questions

What is a civilization?  What are the current functioning and surviving civilizations?

If civilizations are to clash, then why? If not. then why not?

What have others thought of Huntington’s hypothesis?  What are its problems and weaknesses? 
What do some of Huntington’s critics place their hope in to prevent the clash?  

Who are we?  What unifies as into “Western civilization?”  What divides us?  What threatens us? What pleases us collectively as a civilization? What do we desire and seek as a people?  What is the fundamental nature of our civilization?  Our traditions, values, beliefs?

What is the nature of Western civilization in the small corner of which we currently function as enrolled students and employed faculty of an accredited university, located in the Municipality of Toronto, in the County of York, in the Province of Ontario, in the nation of Canada?  How might it be different from Western civilization just 90 miles away across the Niagara River border in the municipality of  Buffalo, Erie County, State of New York, United States of America?

What is the role of ideology and theology in warfare and civilization formation?

What are the fundamental natures of other current civilizations? Their divisions and fears? What are the differences between them?  Between them and us? What are the similarities?  Must civilizations clash?   “Why can’t we just all get along?” [Rodney King]

How are all the civilizations divided among themselves and even divided upon their perception of other civilizations?

What is the role of traditions, myth and cultural beliefs in civilizations and in warfare?

How do epochs unify civilizations into the agrarian, industrial, and information ‘civilizations’ and what impact do these passages have on society and warfare?  What are the dimensions of these divisions in the context of Huntington’s hypothesis?

Is warfare a natural state of civilization?   What has been the cause of wars in the past?  Today?

What are the different things wars are fought over? 

In 2010 is it the “West and the rest”?

What impact has 9/11 had on Huntington’s 1993 hypothesis?

What is genocide?  What is war?

Is genocide a clash of civilizations?  What role does it play in civilization?  In warfare?  Is warfare inherently going to be genocidal?

Can civilization maintain a “perpetual peace?”  What is required?

How does Gandhi view civilization?   How does he understand the relationship  between Western civilization and the Hindu civilization?  How does this view fit into the colonial context between Britain and India?

What is sovereignty and its relationship to war?

Can war be “regulated”?  The laws of war.  War Crimes.

LECTURE POINTS

The constantly increasing rate of change / “the velocity of history.”

“Future Shock” Alvin Toffler (1970)

Huntington’s “seven or eight” civilizations:
Western; Confucian; Japanese; Islamic; Hindu; Slavic-Orthodox; Latin American; “possibly” African

Three Pillars of Western European-North American Civilization: 
Democracy, Justice and Christianity / which we get respectively  from the Greeks, Romans, and Jews (Judean-Israelites)

What is Justice? What are the Western civilization’s premises of Justice? Wars over slavery. Justinian Code  Justinian’s Institutes published in Constantinople, A,D. (C,E,) 533  Napoleonic Code Blackwell’s Commentaries on the Law Common Law (England, Canada) Codified Law (United States)

Codified Napoleonic (Europe)

Foreign Affairs and the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) [What is it?]  Who says?

Who published Huntington’s article?  (And X’s article.)

American Isolationism [non-entanglement]

 X and “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” in Foreign Affairs, (July 1947)

Cold War – Truman Doctrine –  Containment Theory

Nuclear weapons development

George F.  Kennan

LINK “The Long Telegram”  February 22, 1946 861.00/2 – 2246: Telegram, The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State SECRET

Moscow, February 22, 1946–9 p.m. [Received February 22–3: 52 p.m.]     

The Hamitic Myth / “The Curse of Ham”

Tribes – Chiefs / Kingdoms – Kings / Empires – Emperors/ Nations – Statesmen [Presidents, Premiers, Chairmen, Prime Ministers

Treaty Of Westphalia (Peace of Westphalia) 1648

Religious Wars (Wars Of Religion)

Dynastic Wars

Kant – Tolstoy – Ghandi – Nietzsche – Mussolini – Hitler

Kant:  “Perpetual Peace” vs Perpetual Struggle (War)

the Enlightenment

French Revolution 1789-1799

Ideological Wars

Slavery – Corporations and slave trading — slave wars? 

Wars over slavery.

Lecture Resume For Sec 1 Oct 18
You must do the readings before lecture!  Next week readings:  Terrorists and Freedom Fighters.

Industrial Wars

The Four Great Industrial Wars  Total War (totalen Krieg)   Wars of Attrition

World Wars   blitzkrieg (lightening war) rattenkrieg (rat war) sitzkrieg (sitting war)

Racial War   War of Extermination 

War of Liberation   War of Rebellion   Colonial War   Guerrilla War  Proxy War  Class War

Low Intensity War   Pre-emptive War   United Nations Chartered War

Oil/Gold/Diamond/Water/…Wars



The Hamitic Myth

WEEK FIVE READING LECTURE DISCUSION

Kant “Perpetual Peace”

  • empirical epistemology vs. rational epistemology

  • Einstein’s theory of relativity vs. evidence  Quantum Physics

  • the Enlightenment

  • the relationship between the weak and the strong

  • is “perpetual peace possible?”

Tolstoy

  • ‘just say “no”

  • biblical proscriptions on oath taking – Jehovah Witnesses

  • the soldier and the oath

  • obedience to orders

  • Ordinary Men:  Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland by Christopher Browning

Ghandi

  • What is civilization?

  • Can “wrongs” or “injustices” be a part of a civilization or are they simply wrong and unjust no mater what the civilization?  Are they defects, not aspects of a civilization?

  • Between aggression and “turning the other cheek.” 

  • Passive resistance.

Nietzsche

  • the Anti-Christ

  • power is happiness

  • How literal was Nietzsche in his assertions?

  • Darwin – “survival of the fittest.”

  • “Life Worthy of Life”

Mussolini

  • fascist

  • the tyranny of democracy  — “thousand tyrants”

  • the benevolent despot (King… dictator)

  • peace corrupts / war is regenerative – inspiring

Hitler

  • national socialist (nazi)

  • Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
    (National Socialist German Workers’ Party, NSDAP)

  • life is struggle

  • the “racial soul”   Volk  (“  the people”)

  • no such thing as “Aryan Race” 
    Aryan language group India/Iran

  • one fights or perishes

  • pure blood as the lifeline of civilization

  • a scale of superior and inferior races

  • euthanasia vs. medical murder

  • (Authorization of the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life.)
    Binding & Hoche, (1920) Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens

Sec 2 Essay Marks

SOC602 SECTION 2
UNOFFICIAL ESSAY MARKS POSTED BY THE LAST 4 DIGITS OF YOUR STUDENT NUMBER ONLY FOR ESSAYS SUBMITTED ON TIME, IN LECTURE, AND IDENTIFIED BY SECTION NUMBER

(Marks for all other essays will be posted after your final mark becomes available on RAMSS )

3270 C+
236 C-
330 B-
426 A-
539 A-
786 B+
865 C
1081 B-
1425 C
1509 B
1523 C
1690  
1816  
1889  
2744 C
3195 B
3291 D
3397 B-
3648 B+
3716 D+
3722 B
3764 A-
4009  
4035 C
4106 B
4383 B-
4408 A
4429 B
4470 B-
4812 A-
5110  
5181  
5322 C-
5673 C
5698  
5704 B-
5743 B
5771 B
5881  
5994 B-
6117  
6283 B-
6510  
6564 A-
6607 C
6610 B-
6766 A-
6799 A
6816 C
6953 B-
7180 A-
7208 A-
7225  
7262  
7472  
7546 A-
7562  
7912  
7961 A-
8192  
8218 A-
8409 C
8483 B
8606  
8806 A-
9172 B-
9285 B+
9325 C-
9597  
9602  
9615 C-
9640 B

Lecture 10

globalization off-shore corporate cloaking (money laundering) (corporate camouflage) multi-national corporations

William Nelson Cromwell Panama Canal Sullivan & Cromwell LLP John Foster Dulles US War Trade Board Hermann Schmitz

IG Farben

Metallgeselschaft Case (1920s)

Allen Dulles

Bank of International Settlements (BIS)

Otto Niemeyer Walter Funk Kurt von Schroder – Stein Bank, Cologne Schroder Bank (New York) ITT AT&T Echelon – AUSCANZUKAS Folsom Street Splitter NSA Admiral John Poindexter Information Awareness Office DARPA Electronic Frontier Foundation INCO Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers – Sudbury Ontario

Lecture 11

First they came for the communists, and I did not speak up,

for I was not a communist.

Then they came for the social democrats,
and I did not speak up,
for I was not a social democrat.

Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I did not speak up,
for I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Jews, I did not speak up,

for I was not a Jew.

And then when they came for me,
there was no one left to speak out for me.

Untitled 1

SOC802 – Issues in War and Peace  Fall 2010

Upper level liberal course

Section 021

Wednesday 11:10–14:00 (ENG 101)

[PLEASE NOTE CHANGES HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW DUE TO UNFORSEEN CIRCUMSTANCES]

Instructor: Peter Wronski

Office: JOR329

Office hours:

Office hours: Tuesday 12:00-1:00PM; Wednesday 2:00–3:00 PM; Friday 3:00-4:00PM

Phone: 416-979-5000 (ex. 4197)

Email: pwronsky@ryerson.ca (BEST WAY TO CONTACT)

CALENDAR DESCRIPTION: This is an introduction to theories and contemporary issues in the study of war and peace, coupled with forays into the past, as needed. Its goal is to help students develop an understanding of what war is, what causes it, what its effects on society are, and whether it could be overcome.

COURSE INTRODUCTION: This is an upper level liberal course – an interdisciplinary introduction to the study of war and peace – cutting across sociology, political science, anthropology, history and social psychology. We concentrate on the issues of war and peace today, with forays into the past when needed. Our goal is to reach an understanding of what war is and what causes it, what its effects on society are, and whether it is inevitable.

REQUIRED READINGS: A reader, titled SOC802 Issues in War and Peace and bearing instructor’s name, available at Ryerson Bookstore.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND EVALUATION:

      REQUIREMENT

                             DESCRIPTION

        WORTH

       LENGTH

                DATE

 TERM TEST

 Essay questions

            30%

      60 minutes

            27 October

 ESSAY

 Take-home essay

            30%

  ca 2,000 words

           10 November

 FINAL EXAM

 Essay questions

            40%

     120 minutes

   15 December

TERM TEST: This test consists of essay questions only; is worth 30 percent of the final mark; written during the two-hour class; and 90 minutes long. It covers readings 1 to 5 and corresponding lectures. NOTE: The test is written with open readers and lecture notes. Students missing the test for legitimate reasons should request a make-up as soon as they realize they will not attend. Make-up test is of the same length and consists of essay questions only. Test grades will be available in class or during office hours – not in any other form – two weeks after submission.

TAKE-HOME ESSAY: Students are expected to write a take-home essay on one of the questions provided by the professor early in the course. This essay is worth 30 percent of the final grade, and should be based on at least four texts from the course readers and at least one additional academically justifiable source. The required length is 1,900-2,100 words; font 12; spacing 2; margins 1; page numbering; and bibliography. Text beyond 2,100 words will not be graded. Late essays without legitimate justification will be graded 5 percent lower for each day of delay (weekends included), and those received after 30 November will be graded with 0. Essays are to be handed to the professor in person, in class or during the office hours – excepting extraordinary justifiable circumstances. In such cases, essays should be deposited in the Sociology Department drop-box (Jorgenson Hall, third floor). Essay grades will be available in class or during office hours – not not in any other form – three weeks after submission.

FINAL EXAM: This exam consists of essay questions only; it is worth 40 percent of the final mark; written during the final examination period; and 120 minutes long. The exam will be primarily based on lectures and readings beginning with Week 4    Oct 4 – 6: Clash of Civilizations:  The Huntington Hypothesis but you may refer to any of the readings or lecturews if relevant.   NOTE: The final exam is written with open readers and lecture notes, like the term test.

SYLLABUS:

IN THE WEEK OF

                         CLASS TOPIC

                              AUTHORS

      REMINDERS

        6 September

Course Introduction

      13 September

1. What and Whence is War?

Clausewitz, Luard, Einstein, Freud, Lorenz, Ardrey, Bakunin, Mead

      20 September

2. Sex, Gender and War

Moore/Gillette, Fukuyama, Creveld, Ashley, Stack-O’Connor, Tickner

     Essay questions

      27 September

3. Clash of Civilizations

Huntington, Barber, Ajami, Ross, Ali

        4 October

4. Pacifists and Warriors

Kant, Tolstoy, Gandhi, Nietzsche, Mussolini, Hitler

      11 October

5. Terrorists and Freedom Fighters

G.W. Bush, White, Carr, Ross, Chomsky, Hoffman, Townshend

    Term test review

      27 October

         TERM TEST ON 27 OCTOBER

Readings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and lectures

       TERM TEST

      25 October

6. Pax Americana      

G. Bush, G.W. Bush, Kagan, Ignatieff, Blum, McNally

        1 November

7. Humanitarian Interventionism

Gow, Axworthy, Graham, Clark, Bain, Roszak

        8 November

8. Israel, Palestine and the United States

Eikmeier, Stoessinger, Friedman, Said, Mearsheimer/Walt, Evan

     Essay due   

      15 November

9. Iraq Wars

Hussein, Kean, Rubin, Pitt/Ritter, Al-Azmeh, Chibber, Obama

      22 November

10. Yugoslav Wars

Ambrozic, New Republic, Brzezinski, Layne, Parenti, Bandow

      29 November

11. Afghanistan Wars

Roy, Kean, Obama, Laxer, Warnock, Preston

  Final exam review

   15 DECEMBER

Readings 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and lectures

      FINAL EXAM

NOTE: Fall term undergraduate examination period includes Saturdays, December 11 and December 18.

IMPORTANT WEBSITES, NOTICES AND REGULATIONS STUDENTS SHOULD BE COGNIZANT OF:

  This course uses Blackboard for basic information – such as the course and lecture outlines,,or take-home essay                 questions – not for full lecture notes or on-line consultations

 This course does not use turnitin.com

  Returning grades for the term test and essay assignment: 2-3 weeks – in class or during office hours, not by

      e-mail or Blackboard

☞  Regrading/recalculation: must be requested from the instructor in writing – within 10 working days of receipt

☞  Final Grades: Professors are not allowed to post or distribute final grades in any form

☞  Faculty Course Surveys: Surveys will be administered on-line in November

 University E-mail Policy: Students must use their Ryerson email accounts only

 Ryerson Medical Certificate:                                                                                http://www.ryerson.ca/senate/forms/medical.pdf

 Ryerson Library workshops:                                                                                www.ryerson.ca/library/info/workshops.html

 Writing Centre:                                                                                                                             http://www.ryerson.ca/writingcentre/

 English Language Support:                                                                                   www.ryerson.ca/studentservices/els

 Ryerson Student Code of Academic Conduct:                              www.ryerson.ca/senate/policies/pol60.pdf

 Ryerson Research Ethics Board:                                                                          http://www.ryerson.ca/about/vpresearch/reb.html

 Academic Consideration (appeals; religious observance): www.ryerson.ca/senate/policies

 Ryerson Access Centre:                                                                                                    http://www.ryerson.ca/studentservices/accesscentre/

☞  Plagiarism and how to avoid it:                                                                            http://www.ryerson.ca/ai/students/studentcheating.html

☞  Students in some programs cannot take certain lower and upper level liberal studies courses for liberal studies         credit due to their proximity to the professional courses:    http://www.ryerson.ca/calendar/2009-2010/pg1337.html

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SOC802   FINAL EXAM INFORMATION 

Wednesday, December 15,  at 11:30 A.M.  in ENGLG14  (120 minutes)

To be written only in black or blue ink.  No pencil.

This exam consists of essay questions only; it is worth 40 percent of the final mark; written during the final examination period; and is 120 minutes long.  There will be two sections consisting of at least ten questions per section; you will answer one question from each one of the two sections for a total of two essays (50% + 50% = 100%)

While the exam will be primarily based on lectures and readings beginning with Week 4    Oct 4 – 6: Clash of Civilizations:  The Huntington Hypothesis

  you may refer to any of the readings/lectures if relevant.  NOTE: The final exam is written with open readers and lecture notes, like the term test.

EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:

Ryerson University, Department of Sociology, SOC 802                           Final Examination     

Examiner: Peter Wronski      December  2010                                             120 minutes

Please read the instructions carefully and completely.

The exam is two hours.  Answer one question from Part A  and one question from Part B.

 (50% + 50%=100%). 

You will be graded on the comprehensive conciseness of your response, factual accuracy, scope, versatility, range and imagination of your argument and the quality and relevance of the evidence you present backing it. 

Write in essay paragraph form and in full sentences giving specific case examples and academically admissible relevant evidence from the course readings or lectures in support of your argument.  Cite your references by author’s name and specific reader page number, or lecture date, as in the midterm exam.  Cite any relevant quotations, statistics, data, concepts, arguments, ideas and all relevant empirical evidence you present from the readings, for example (Kant, p. 83).  You may cite your lecture notes, to the extent your notes are accurate.

Write in blue or black ink only.  You may single-space.  Neatness counts!


Identify by question number the specific question(s) you are responding to.
 Failure to clearly identify the exact question being responded to risk severe marking disadvantage.
PART A (ANSWER ONE QUESTION 50%)

There will be at least ten questions based on several  lecture-reading related themes on issues in war and peace. 

PART B (ANSWER ONE QUESTION 50%)

There will be at least ten questions based on several other lecture-reading related themes on issues in war and peace.